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Relative clauses в английском: who, which, that и другие

Relative clauses в английском: who, which, that и другие

Relative clause добавляет информацию о существительном. В "I met a student who speaks three languages." часть "who speaks three languages" описывает student. Sentence structure guide.

Что такое relative clause

"who" относится к людям, "which" — к предметам, "whose" выражает принадлежность, "where" — место, "when" — время.

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Defining и non-defining clauses

Defining clause содержит необходимую информацию без запятых: "The student who sits next to me is from Brazil." Non-defining clause даёт добавочную информацию, выделяется запятыми и не допускает "that".

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Когда можно опустить местоимение

Объект можно опустить: "The book I bought is useful." Подлежащее опускать нельзя: "The student who called me is my classmate.". Pronoun guide.

Ошибки и практика

Не дублируйте местоимение: вместо "The book that I bought it is useful." нужно "The book that I bought is useful.". This also strengthens writing skills.

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Использование в общении

Describe people, places and experiences with "who", "where" and "that". CWC connects Grammar, Speaking and Reading & Writing. ESS uses Connection Questions and weekly presentations for meaningful practice. Review grammar rules.

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Who, whom, which и that

"who" употребляется, когда человек является подлежащим. "whom" — формальный объектный вариант, но в речи часто используется "who". "which" относится к предметам, а "that" — к людям или предметам в defining clauses.

  • "She is the student who asked the question."
  • "The teacher who explained the rule was clear."
  • "The professor whom I contacted replied quickly."
  • "The professor who I contacted replied quickly."
  • "The person to whom I spoke was helpful."
  • "The person who I spoke to was helpful."
  • "This is the book which helped me understand grammar."
  • "The exercise, which took 20 minutes, was useful."
  • "The class that starts at 9:00 a.m. is full."
  • "The student that won the award gave a speech."

Non-defining relative clauses

Они добавляют сведения об уже определённом существительном, выделяются запятыми и не допускают "that". После удаления такой части основное предложение остаётся полным.

  • "CWC, which is located in Los Angeles, welcomes English learners from many backgrounds."
  • "My classmate Ana, who speaks Spanish, helped me with the activity."
  • "The museum, which we visited on Friday, had a new exhibition."
  • "My notebook, that is blue, is on the desk."
  • "My notebook, which is blue, is on the desk."

Whose, where и when

"whose" выражает принадлежность, "where" относится к месту, "when" — ко времени. В формальном стиле возможны варианты "in which" и "on which".

  • "I met a student whose pronunciation improved quickly."
  • "She is the writer whose essay won the contest."
  • "We visited a school whose programs serve international learners."
  • "in/at that place."
  • "This is the café where we studied."
  • "Los Angeles is a city where people use many languages."
  • "the café where we studied at."
  • "I remember the day when I gave my first presentation."
  • "Summer is a season when many students travel."
  • "This is the café in which we studied."
  • "I remember the day on which we met."

Количественные конструкции и целая мысль

Обороты "many of whom" и "two of which" описывают часть группы. В non-defining clause слово "which" может относиться и ко всей предыдущей мысли.

  • "none of which."
  • "The class has 15 students, many of whom speak more than one language."
  • "We completed five activities, two of which involved speaking."
  • "She completed her presentation early, which reduced her stress."

Сокращённые relative clauses

Активную конструкцию иногда можно сократить до формы -ing, пассивную — до причастия прошедшего времени. Если смысл неясен, сохраните полную конструкцию.

  • "Students who attend the workshop should arrive early."
  • "Students attending the workshop should arrive early."
  • "The assignments that were submitted yesterday have been graded."
  • "The assignments submitted yesterday have been graded."
  • "The students who are in Room 4 are taking a test."
  • "The students in Room 4 are taking a test."

Как практиковать relative clauses

Объедините два коротких предложения и проведите стрелку от clause к antecedent. Определите, обязательна ли информация, и проверьте пунктуацию.

  • "I met a classmate. The classmate lives near campus."
  • "I met a classmate who lives near campus."

Частые вопросы

Can "that" refer to people?

Yes in defining clauses, although "who" is often more natural. It cannot introduce a non-defining clause.

Relative clauses connect information precisely. Contact Columbia West College to apply grammar in real communication at CWC.