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Relative clauses in inglese: who, which, that e altro

Relative clauses in inglese: who, which, that e altro

Una relative clause aggiunge informazioni su un nome. In "I met a student who speaks three languages.", "who speaks three languages" descrive student. Sentence structure guide.

Che cos’è una relative clause

"who" si usa per persone, "which" per cose, "whose" per possesso, "where" per luoghi e "when" per tempi.

A classroom entrance and CWC logo in the hallway of the new Los Angeles campus

Defining e non-defining clauses

Una defining clause contiene informazioni essenziali senza virgole: "The student who sits next to me is from Brazil." Una non-defining clause aggiunge dettagli, usa le virgole e non ammette "that".

CWC student in The Last Bookstore tunnel it

Quando omettere il pronome

L’oggetto può essere omesso: "The book I bought is useful." Il soggetto no: "The student who called me is my classmate.". Pronoun guide.

Errori ed esercizi

Evita il doppio pronome "The book that I bought it is useful.". La forma corretta è "The book that I bought is useful.". This also strengthens writing skills.

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Uso nella comunicazione reale

Describe people, places and experiences with "who", "where" and "that". CWC connects Grammar, Speaking and Reading & Writing. ESS uses Connection Questions and weekly presentations for meaningful practice. Review grammar rules.

CWC students at a MOCA audio exhibit it

Come usare who, whom, which e that

Usa "who" quando la persona è il soggetto. "whom" è la forma oggetto formale, anche se nel parlato si preferisce "who". "which" si riferisce a cose o animali e "that" a persone o cose nelle defining clauses.

  • "She is the student who asked the question."
  • "The teacher who explained the rule was clear."
  • "The professor whom I contacted replied quickly."
  • "The professor who I contacted replied quickly."
  • "The person to whom I spoke was helpful."
  • "The person who I spoke to was helpful."
  • "This is the book which helped me understand grammar."
  • "The exercise, which took 20 minutes, was useful."
  • "The class that starts at 9:00 a.m. is full."
  • "The student that won the award gave a speech."

Non-defining relative clauses

Aggiungono informazioni su un nome già identificato, sono separate da virgole e non ammettono "that". Se la clausola viene eliminata, la frase principale rimane completa.

  • "CWC, which is located in Los Angeles, welcomes English learners from many backgrounds."
  • "My classmate Ana, who speaks Spanish, helped me with the activity."
  • "The museum, which we visited on Friday, had a new exhibition."
  • "My notebook, that is blue, is on the desk."
  • "My notebook, which is blue, is on the desk."

Uso di whose, where e when

"whose" esprime possesso, "where" indica luoghi e "when" momenti. Nei registri formali possono comparire "in which" e "on which".

  • "I met a student whose pronunciation improved quickly."
  • "She is the writer whose essay won the contest."
  • "We visited a school whose programs serve international learners."
  • "in/at that place."
  • "This is the café where we studied."
  • "Los Angeles is a city where people use many languages."
  • "the café where we studied at."
  • "I remember the day when I gave my first presentation."
  • "Summer is a season when many students travel."
  • "This is the café in which we studied."
  • "I remember the day on which we met."

Quantificatori e idee complete

Strutture come "many of whom" e "two of which" descrivono parte di un gruppo. In una non-defining clause, "which" può riferirsi anche all’intera idea precedente.

  • "none of which."
  • "The class has 15 students, many of whom speak more than one language."
  • "We completed five activities, two of which involved speaking."
  • "She completed her presentation early, which reduced her stress."

Reduced relative clauses

Una clausola attiva può ridursi a una frase in -ing e una passiva a un participio passato. Mantieni la forma completa se il significato non è chiaro.

  • "Students who attend the workshop should arrive early."
  • "Students attending the workshop should arrive early."
  • "The assignments that were submitted yesterday have been graded."
  • "The assignments submitted yesterday have been graded."
  • "The students who are in Room 4 are taking a test."
  • "The students in Room 4 are taking a test."

Come esercitarsi con le relative clauses

Unisci due frasi brevi e traccia una freccia dalla clausola al suo antecedente. Decidi se l’informazione è essenziale o aggiuntiva e controlla le virgole.

  • "I met a classmate. The classmate lives near campus."
  • "I met a classmate who lives near campus."

Domande frequenti

Can "that" refer to people?

Yes in defining clauses, although "who" is often more natural. It cannot introduce a non-defining clause.

Relative clauses connect information precisely. Contact Columbia West College to apply grammar in real communication at CWC.