영어 관계절: who, which, that 완전 가이드

관계절은 한 문장 안에서 명사를 설명합니다. "I met a student who speaks three languages."에서 "who speaks three languages"가 student를 꾸밉니다. Sentence structure guide.

관계절이란?

"who"는 사람, "which"는 사물, "whose"는 소유, "where"는 장소, "when"은 시간을 나타냅니다.

제한적·계속적 관계절

defining clause는 필수 정보라 쉼표가 없습니다: "The student who sits next to me is from Brazil." non-defining clause는 추가 정보라 쉼표를 쓰며 "that"을 쓸 수 없습니다.

관계대명사 생략

목적어인 경우 "The book I bought is useful."처럼 생략할 수 있지만, 주어인 "The student who called me is my classmate."에서는 생략할 수 없습니다. Pronoun guide.

실수와 연습

"The book that I bought it is useful."처럼 대명사를 중복하지 마세요. 올바른 문장은 "The book that I bought is useful."입니다. This also strengthens writing skills.

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실제 의사소통에서 활용하기

Describe people, places and experiences with "who", "where" and "that". CWC connects Grammar, Speaking and Reading & Writing. ESS uses Connection Questions and weekly presentations for meaningful practice. Review grammar rules.

who, whom, which, that 사용법

사람이 절의 주어이면 "who"를 씁니다. "whom"은 목적어를 나타내는 격식 표현이지만 일상에서는 "who"가 흔합니다. "which"는 사물이나 동물, "that"은 제한적 관계절의 사람이나 사물에 씁니다.

• "She is the student who asked the question."
• "The teacher who explained the rule was clear."
• "The professor whom I contacted replied quickly."
• "The professor who I contacted replied quickly."
• "The person to whom I spoke was helpful."
• "The person who I spoke to was helpful."
• "This is the book which helped me understand grammar."
• "The exercise, which took 20 minutes, was useful."
• "The class that starts at 9:00 a.m. is full."
• "The student that won the award gave a speech."

계속적 관계절

이미 특정된 명사에 추가 정보를 더하며 쉼표로 구분하고 "that"을 쓰지 않습니다. 절을 삭제해도 주절의 의미는 완전합니다.

• "CWC, which is located in Los Angeles, welcomes English learners from many backgrounds."
• "My classmate Ana, who speaks Spanish, helped me with the activity."
• "The museum, which we visited on Friday, had a new exhibition."
• "My notebook, that is blue, is on the desk."
• "My notebook, which is blue, is on the desk."

whose, where, when 사용법

"whose"는 소유, "where"는 장소, "when"은 시간을 나타냅니다. 격식 있는 글에서는 "in which"나 "on which"로 바꿀 수 있습니다.

• "I met a student whose pronunciation improved quickly."
• "She is the writer whose essay won the contest."
• "We visited a school whose programs serve international learners."
• "in/at that place."
• "This is the café where we studied."
• "Los Angeles is a city where people use many languages."
• "the café where we studied at."
• "I remember the day when I gave my first presentation."
• "Summer is a season when many students travel."
• "This is the café in which we studied."
• "I remember the day on which we met."

수량 표현과 전체 내용 지칭

"many of whom"과 "two of which"는 집단의 일부를 설명합니다. 계속적 관계절의 "which"는 앞의 전체 내용을 가리킬 수도 있습니다.

• "none of which."
• "The class has 15 students, many of whom speak more than one language."
• "We completed five activities, two of which involved speaking."
• "She completed her presentation early, which reduced her stress."

축약 관계절

능동 관계절은 -ing구, 수동 관계절은 과거분사구로 줄일 수 있습니다. 의미나 수식 대상이 불분명하면 완전한 관계절을 유지하세요.

• "Students who attend the workshop should arrive early."
• "Students attending the workshop should arrive early."
• "The assignments that were submitted yesterday have been graded."
• "The assignments submitted yesterday have been graded."
• "The students who are in Room 4 are taking a test."
• "The students in Room 4 are taking a test."

관계절 연습 방법

두 짧은 문장을 합치고 관계절에서 선행사로 화살표를 그립니다. 정보가 필수인지 추가인지 판단하고 쉼표가 의미에 맞는지 확인하세요.

• "I met a classmate. The classmate lives near campus."
• "I met a classmate who lives near campus."

자주 묻는 질문

Can "that" refer to people?

Yes in defining clauses, although "who" is often more natural. It cannot introduce a non-defining clause.

Relative clauses connect information precisely. Contact Columbia West College to apply grammar in real communication at CWC.