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Relative clauses em inglês: who, which, that e mais

Relative clauses em inglês: who, which, that e mais

Uma relative clause acrescenta informação sobre um substantivo. Em "I met a student who speaks three languages.", "who speaks three languages" descreve student. Sentence structure guide.

O que é uma relative clause

"who" refere-se a pessoas; "which", a coisas; "whose", a posse; "where", a lugares; e "when", a momentos.

A classroom entrance and CWC logo in the hallway of the new Los Angeles campus

Defining e non-defining clauses

A defining clause traz informação essencial sem vírgulas: "The student who sits next to me is from Brazil." A non-defining clause traz informação extra, usa vírgulas e não aceita "that".

CWC student in The Last Bookstore tunnel pt

Quando omitir o pronome

O objeto pode ser omitido: "The book I bought is useful." O sujeito não: "The student who called me is my classmate.". Pronoun guide.

Erros e prática

Evite o pronome duplo "The book that I bought it is useful.". O correto é "The book that I bought is useful.". This also strengthens writing skills.

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Uso na comunicação real

Describe people, places and experiences with "who", "where" and "that". CWC connects Grammar, Speaking and Reading & Writing. ESS uses Connection Questions and weekly presentations for meaningful practice. Review grammar rules.

CWC students at a MOCA audio exhibit pt

Como usar who, whom, which e that

Use "who" quando a pessoa for o sujeito. "whom" é a forma objetiva formal, embora "who" seja comum na fala. "which" se refere a coisas ou animais e "that" a pessoas ou coisas em defining clauses.

  • "She is the student who asked the question."
  • "The teacher who explained the rule was clear."
  • "The professor whom I contacted replied quickly."
  • "The professor who I contacted replied quickly."
  • "The person to whom I spoke was helpful."
  • "The person who I spoke to was helpful."
  • "This is the book which helped me understand grammar."
  • "The exercise, which took 20 minutes, was useful."
  • "The class that starts at 9:00 a.m. is full."
  • "The student that won the award gave a speech."

Non-defining relative clauses

Elas acrescentam informação sobre um substantivo já identificado, usam vírgulas e não aceitam "that". Sem a cláusula, a oração principal continua completa.

  • "CWC, which is located in Los Angeles, welcomes English learners from many backgrounds."
  • "My classmate Ana, who speaks Spanish, helped me with the activity."
  • "The museum, which we visited on Friday, had a new exhibition."
  • "My notebook, that is blue, is on the desk."
  • "My notebook, which is blue, is on the desk."

Uso de whose, where e when

"whose" indica posse, "where" se refere a lugares e "when" a momentos. Em registros formais, podem aparecer "in which" e "on which".

  • "I met a student whose pronunciation improved quickly."
  • "She is the writer whose essay won the contest."
  • "We visited a school whose programs serve international learners."
  • "in/at that place."
  • "This is the café where we studied."
  • "Los Angeles is a city where people use many languages."
  • "the café where we studied at."
  • "I remember the day when I gave my first presentation."
  • "Summer is a season when many students travel."
  • "This is the café in which we studied."
  • "I remember the day on which we met."

Quantificadores e ideias completas

Estruturas como "many of whom" e "two of which" descrevem parte de um grupo. Em uma non-defining clause, "which" também pode retomar toda a ideia anterior.

  • "none of which."
  • "The class has 15 students, many of whom speak more than one language."
  • "We completed five activities, two of which involved speaking."
  • "She completed her presentation early, which reduced her stress."

Reduced relative clauses

Uma cláusula ativa pode ser reduzida a uma expressão em -ing e uma passiva a um particípio passado. Mantenha a forma completa se o sentido não ficar claro.

  • "Students who attend the workshop should arrive early."
  • "Students attending the workshop should arrive early."
  • "The assignments that were submitted yesterday have been graded."
  • "The assignments submitted yesterday have been graded."
  • "The students who are in Room 4 are taking a test."
  • "The students in Room 4 are taking a test."

Como praticar relative clauses

Una duas frases curtas e desenhe uma seta da cláusula ao antecedente. Decida se a informação é essencial ou adicional e confira as vírgulas.

  • "I met a classmate. The classmate lives near campus."
  • "I met a classmate who lives near campus."

Perguntas frequentes

Can "that" refer to people?

Yes in defining clauses, although "who" is often more natural. It cannot introduce a non-defining clause.

Relative clauses connect information precisely. Contact Columbia West College to apply grammar in real communication at CWC.